What are the different types of conformity bias?

Conformity bias manifests in several forms, each reflecting different reasons for why individuals align their thoughts or behaviors with a group. Understanding conformity bias in its different forms helps in understanding the underlying motivations behind conforming actions.

Normative conformity

Normative conformity occurs when individuals conform to a group's expectations to gain approval or avoid disapproval. The primary motivation is the desire to be liked or accepted by others. For example, a person might agree with a group's opinion during a meeting, even if they privately disagree, to avoid standing out or causing tension. This type emphasizes the influence of social norms and the pressure to adhere to them to maintain group harmony.

Informational conformity

Informational conformity happens when individuals look to the group for guidance in situations where they are uncertain or lack sufficient knowledge. Believing that the group has better information, they adopt the majority opinion or behavior. For instance, in a new work environment, an employee might follow the practices of colleagues assuming they are correct. This type is driven by the desire to make accurate decisions based on perceived expertise within the group.

Identification

Identification involves conforming to the expectations of a person or group that one admires or wishes to be associated with. The individual adopts behaviors or beliefs to establish or maintain a relationship with the group. For example, a student might adopt the viewpoints of a respected professor or peer group to feel a sense of belonging. This type reflects the influence of role models or influential figures on personal attitudes and actions.

Internalization

Internalization is when individuals accept the group's beliefs or behaviors both publicly and privately because they align with their own value system. The conformity is genuine and persists even without external pressure. For instance, after engaging in discussions, a person might change their perspective on social issues because they have been convinced by the group's arguments. This type represents a deep-rooted change where the adopted beliefs become part of the individual's own principles.